Hallucinations are real perceptual sensations in the absence of an actual external stimulus. They are often bright and strong. Unlike dreaming, hallucinations occur when we are awake. These are different from illusions. An illusion is a twisted perception of a real object.

Hallucinations are common in people with psychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, but you don't need to have a mental illness to experience hallucinations.

Types of Hallucinations

Visual Hallucinations-

Seeing things that don't  actually exist are associated with visual hallucinations. Simple visual hallucinations are formless visual hallucinations, i.e. seeing lights, geometric shapes, colors, and some non-discrete objects in the absence of a real stimulus. Complex hallucinations are realistic images of objects, animals and people.

Olfactory Hallucinations-

Smelling odors that aren't really present are called olfactory hallucinations, also known as "phantosmia". Common odors include smells such as rotten fish, feces, smoke, cooking food, floral odors, etc.

Auditory Hallucinations-

The perception of sound without any actual sound is called auditory hallucination or "paracusia". Auditory hallucinations are the most common type of hallucinations that can be simple or complex. Sounds like whistling, hissing, etc. are simple hallucinations. Complex hallucinations involve hearing music, voices and conversations in which the voice heard can be friendly or aggressive, from known or unknown people, and also be unclear.

Tactile Hallucinations-

The false feeling of physical contact with an imaginary object is called a tactile hallucination. Tactile hallucinations can include the sensation of an insect or small animals crawling over the body, or the sensation of being kissed.

Gustatory Hallucinations-

Gustatory hallucinations are sensations of tasting something in the absence of anything being tasted. Usually these hallucinations have an unpleasant taste such as rotten eggs, vomit, etc. This condition is generally found in temporal lobe epilepsy.

Proprioceptive Hallucinations-

Proprioceptive Hallucinations is the feelingof the limbs being in a different place from the physical body. Experiences such as sailing, rising up from the ground or rolling on the floor are some examples of proprioceptive hallucinations.

Equilibrioception hallucination-

Feeling unbalanced after getting a ride is an example of an equilibrium hallucination. This is commonly seen in conditions such as schizophrenia, brain damage, brain tumors, and depression.

Nociceptive Hallucinations-

Intentional and unexplained pain sensations without any external stimulus or other systemic cause is called nociceptive hallucinations. This is often seen in bipolar disorder.

Chronoceptive Hallucinations-

People who are under the influence of drugs such as depressants, alcohol and entheogenic drugs usually suffer from impaired perception of time.

Symptoms of Hallucinations

Hallucinations can have different types of symptoms, depending on the type, including-

• Feeling sensations in the body (sensation of crawling on the skin or movement).
• Hearing noises (such as music, footsteps, or knocking on doors).
• Hearing voices (may include positive or negative voices, such as voices telling you to hurt yourself or others).
• Seeing objects, creatures, patterns or light.
• Smelling (may be pleasant or unpleasant in one or both nostrils).
• Tasting (often metallic taste).

Causes of Hallucinations

Hallucinations can be caused by a variety of factors and conditions -

• Under the influence of alcohol, drugs such as cocaine, marijuana, LSD and heroin.
• Conditions such as delirium and dementia.
• High fever, especially in children.
• Psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and major depression.
• Serious diseases such as kidney failure, liver failure, brain tumors, etc.
• Brainstem lesions and tumors.
• A person with narcolepsy may have hallucinations that are different from their dreams.
• Some drugs cause hallucinations such as those prescribed for depression, psychosis, epilepsy and Parkinson's disease.
• Late stages of diseases such as cancer and AIDS.
• Social isolation.

How to Help People who Have Hallucinations?

• Call the person's name gently and be with them.
• Ask them to tell you what they are seeing or feeling. Don't deny what they're talking about.
• Ask if there is anything you can do to help them?
• Assure the person that the noise or other stimulus will disappear soon.
• Distract the person from this feeling in a very gentle way and make them feel relaxed.
• Don't argue with them or calmly tackle the situation.

Treatment for Hallucinations

Treating hallucinations involves treating the underlying cause, which can be organic or psychiatric. Several measures can be taken to treat or prevent hallucinations. Antipsychotics may be prescribed for severe hallucinations.

• Stress management, exercising regularly, eating a healthy diet, and getting enough sleep are some simple measures that can help prevent hallucinations.
• Drugs causing hallucinations, such as cocaine, LSD, etc., should be gradually reduced and discontinued. Rehabilitation programs can help people overcome alcohol and drug addiction.
• Educating and advising patients and families on how to manage hallucinations can be helpful.
• Some antipsychotic drugs, such as olanzapine and risperidone, are prescribed to treat hallucinations.

When to see a doctor?

It is advisable to consult a doctor after any hallucinations, even if there are no other symptoms. It is especially important to get medical help if a person has a medical condition that can cause hallucinations, experience worsening hallucinations, or other changes in mood or behavior.

Not all hallucinations require treatment. Hallucinations are not a medical emergency, but only a doctor can determine if it is a serious health problem or not.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease. In this condition, your immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells. In people with multiple sclerosis, the immune system attacks cells in the myelin (the protective sheath that surrounds nerves in the brain and spinal cord).

Types of Multiple sclerosis

There are four types of multiple sclerosis-

Progressive-Relapsing (PR) MS-

Progressive-relapsing multiple sclerosisis the rarest form of MS and occurs in about 5% of MS patients. People with PRMS experience steady disease progression and a decline in neurological function as seen in primary progressive multiple sclerosis, along with occasional flare-ups as in people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

Secondary Progressive (SP) MS-

Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is a type of MS that follows relapsing–remitting MS. Most people diagnosed with relapsing–remitting MS (RR-MS) will eventually develop secondary progressive MS (SP-MS). After periods of flares (also called attacks or exacerbations) and remission, the disease begins to progress steadily. People with SP-MS may or may not go into remission.

Primary Progressive (PP) MS-

Primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PP-MS) is characterized by persistent worsening in neurologic function without relapse or remission. This form of MS occurs equally in men and women, with an age of onset about 10 years later than relapsing MS.

Relapsing-Remitting (RR) MS-

Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS) is the most common type of MS, affecting approximately 85% of MS patients. RR-MS is caused by an inflammatory attack on myelin and nerve fibers that causes worsening of neurological function. Symptoms vary from patient to patient, and symptoms may come on suddenly (called relapses or exacerbations) and then go away (remission).

Symptoms of Multiple sclerosis

Symptoms of multiple sclerosis can occur single or multiple times. They can range in intensity from mild to severe and can also be for long or short term. These are-

• Fatigue
• Numbness or tingling (needle-type sensation)
• Weakness
• Dizziness
• Sexual dysfunction (males and females loses interest in sex)
• Sick
• Emotional instability (mood swings)
• Difficulty walking
• Muscle cramp
• Vision problems
• Bladder or bowel problems
• Cognitive changes
• Depression

Complications of Multiple sclerosis

As MS progresses, worsening symptoms can lead to complications such as:

• Difficulty walking, which may require a cane, walker or wheelchair.
• Loss of bowel or bladder control.
• Memory problems.
• Sexual difficulties.

What causes Multiple sclerosis?

When you have MS, the protective myelin sheath around some of the nerve fibers in your brain, optic nerve, and spinal cord is damaged.

The damage is believed to be the result of an attack by the immune system. Researchers believe there may be environmental triggers, such as: a virus or toxin that triggers an attack on the immune system.

When your immune system attacks myelin, it causes demyelination. This can lead to remission as a new layer of myelin forms, but chronic inflammation can lead to scarring, which can lead to permanent nerve damage.

Risk factors for Multiple sclerosis

There are several risk factors for developing MS. These risk factors include:

• Having close relatives suffering from MS.
• Obesity.
• Infections.
• Smoking.
• Certain autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis.
• Low levels of vitamin D and low sun exposure are linked to a higher risk of MS.

Treatment for Multiple sclerosis

Supplements-

• Vitamin D is a powerful immunomodulatory and immune system relaxant. Vitamin D can be taken as a dietary supplement obtained from eating certain foods such as cold-water fish, fortified dairy products, and eggs, or ingested through exposure to natural sunlight or light therapy devices.
• Antioxidant vitamins A, C, and E can slow inflammation. Vitamin C can also prevent urinary tract infections. However, high doses of vitamin A can be harmful during pregnancy, while high doses of vitamin E can increase the risk of death. Talk to your doctor before taking this dietary supplement.
• People with MS have lower levels of vitamins B12, a vitamin found in meat and animal products. Therefore, vegans and vegetarians may be more susceptible to vitamin B12 deficiency. Your doctor may order blood tests to check for vitamin B12 deficiency.
• Taking calcium improves symptoms of multiple sclerosis. However, supplements may reduce the risk of osteoporosis, while some people with MS are more at risk for developing osteoporosis.

Ashwagandha-

Ashwagandha, a herbal supplement sometimes recommended by specialized Ayurvedic practitioners for the treatment of MS as it is an adaptogen while helps in stimulating cells in the immune system.

Chyawanprash-

Chyawanprash is used as an immune modulator. Thus, Chyawanprash is an effective remedy for multiple sclerosis.

Ginger-

Ginger has anti-inflammatory properties which are used to reduce the inflammation around the nerves and muscles, which is a symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS).

Licorice-

Licorice is the best remedy to reduce the inflammation which is effective in treating MS symptoms.

Peppermint-

Peppermint is clinically helpful for the treatment of MS as it has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Turmeric-

Turmeric is beneficial in treating MS symptoms as it is a rich source of anti-inflammatory properties.

Cranberry juice-

Drinking cranberry juice can lower the symptoms of multiple sclerosis as it is rich in antioxidants.

Doing exercise-

Exercise improves heart health and can help a person with MS stay strong and active. Yoga can also help with fatigue and improves mood, although it doesn't help with mobility or thinking skills. Everyone, including those with MS, should get regular aerobic exercise and strength training.

When to see a doctor?

If your doctor says you have multiple sclerosis, you should see an MS specialist or neurologist for a second opinion.

People should consider a diagnosis of MS if they have one or more of the following symptoms:

• Loss of vision in one or both eyes.
• Acute paralysis in the leg or on one side of the body.
• Acute tingling and numbness in the limbs.
• Body imbalance.
• Double vision.

Fainting is a temporary loss of consciousness that occurs when the brain doesn't receive proper oxygen supply. It is a sudden episode that lasts for fragments of seconds or a minute. Although the loss of consciousness is sudden, recovery of consciousness also takes place in no time. The medical term for this situation is ‘syncope’whereas generally the word ‘blackout’ can be used for the same. Normally, people confuse fainting with seizures due its sudden onset but both are different as seizures show many other symptoms along with loss of consciousness like- upward rolling of eyes, jerky movements of body parts in contrast to which fainting doesn't show any of these symptoms. Fainting is common among teenagers and affects girls more than boys. People of all ages can faint but older people can have serious underlying causesbehind it.

Types of Fainting

There are several types of syncope. Three common types are:

Vasovagal syncope 

Vasovagal syncope affects the vagus nerve. It can be caused by emotional trauma, stress, seeing blood or standing for a long period of time.

Carotid sinus syncope 

This type occurs when the carotid arteries in the neck are constricted, usually after turning the head sideways or wearing a collar that is too tight.

Situational syncope 

This occurs due to shortness of breath due to heavy coughing, urinating, defecating or having digestive problems.

Cardiac syncope

 This type of syncope occurs due to a heart problem. Many heart conditions can affect how much oxygen-rich blood is pumped to the brain.

Symptoms and Signs of Fainting

Before fainting, a person may exhibit or feel all or some of these signs and symptoms-

• Confusion
• Dizziness
• Weakness
• Shortness of breath
• Headache
• Sweating
• Sudden trouble in hearing
• Blurred vision
• Nausea
• Feeling hot
• Shaking or Trembling

In case of fainting caused by stimulation of the vagus nerve, a person may experience the spasm or the urge to have a bowel movement just before the person passes out.

Causes of Fainting

Here are some of the common causes of fainting-

Neurocardiogenic syncope

 Neurocardiogenic syncope develops due to short-term dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Some people call it neuron mediated syncope (NMS).

Possible triggers for neurocardiogenic syncope are-

• Uncomfortable or shocking images, such as seeing blood.
• Sudden contact with unpleasant sights or experience.
• Sudden emotional upheaval, such as after receiving tragic news.
• Embarrassment.
• Not moving for a long time.
• Strenuous physical activities like heavy weight lifting.

Orthostatic Hypotension

 It refers to fainting after getting up too quickly from a sitting or horizontal position.

Gravity pulls blood into the legs and lowers blood pressure elsewhere in the body. The nervous system normally responds by increasing the heart rate and constricting blood vessels. It stabilizes blood pressure.

However, if something interferes with this stabilization process, it can result in poor blood and oxygen supply to the brain, leading to fainting.

Possible triggers are-

• Dehydration-If the fluid level in the body drops, the blood pressure also drops, makingit difficult to stabilize your blood pressure. As a result, less blood and oxygen reaches the brain.
• Uncontrolled diabetes-A person with diabetes may need to urinate frequently, leading to dehydration.
• Some medicines-Taking diuretics, beta-blockers, and medicines to lower blood pressure can cause orthostatic hypotension in some people.
• Alcohol-Some people pass out after drinking too much alcohol for a short time.
• Certain Neurological Disorders-Neurological disorders can affect the nervous system. This can cause orthostatic hypotension.
• Carotid Sinus Syndrome-The carotid artery is the main artery that supplies blood to the brain. When pressure is applied to the pressure sensors or the carotid sinus in the carotid artery, it can cause fainting.

Cardiac syncope-

Major heart problems can reduce the supply of blood and oxygen to the brain. Possible heart problems are-

• Cardiac arrhythmias or abnormal heart rhythm.
• Stenosis or obstruction of the heart valves.
• Hypertension or high blood pressure.
• Heart attack, due to lack of blood and oxygen in the heart.

This usually requires immediate medical attention and close monitoring.

Can Fainting be Prevented?

Ways to prevent fainting-

• If you feel like fainting, lie down and place your feet slightly higher than your head. Be careful when moving, especially when moving from a lying or standing position. Change positions very slowly.
• If you are pregnant, avoid lying on your abdomen, especially in the last months of pregnancy, as the pressure of the enlarged uterus (womb) on the main blood vessels can cause fainting.
• Eating healthy and not skipping meals can help. Drink plenty of clean fluid.
• If you faint, you should avoid driving or using machinery until you have discussed your problem with your doctor.
• If you are suddenly scared and feel like you might pass out, take a deep breath and slowly count to 10 to calm yourself down.
• Avoid alcohol

When to seek a doctor?

Fainting can be a sign of medical conditions such as heart or brain disease. Therefore, it is always a good idea to consult your doctor, especially if you have not fainted beforeand also if

• You have fainted and don't know the cause.
• You have recently fainted more than once.

Jock itch is commonly known as Tinea cruris which is a fungal infection of the skin. Tinea is known as ringworm and cruris as the groin. It mostly affects the groin area, inner thighs, and buttocks. The affected skin may look irritated or scaly, and develop small bumps or blisters.

What causes Jock itch? Is it contagious or not?

Yes, Jock itch is contagious. It is caused by a fungus that spreads from person to person or by sharing contaminated towels or clothing. It is likely to be caused by the same fungus that causes athlete's foot. The infection often spreads from the feet to the groin because the fungus can migrate to your hands or onto towels.

Risk Factors for developing Jock itch

Jock itch can affect people of all age groups. However, teens and young adult men are most likely to experience jock itch. This condition is rare in women because men are three times more likely to suffer from jock itch than women. It’s rare in children.

You're more likely to have jock itch if you have-

• Gender: Men are more likely to experience this condition than women.
• Weight:Obese people have more skin folds, which is the desirable condition for fungal infections like Jock itch to occur.
• Heavy sweating:If a person sweats a lot, the skin becomes more prone for fungal development.
• Age:Teens are more likely to experience jock itch.
• Tight-fitting clothing and underwear:Thick and tight fabrics trap moisture in the skin, creating an excellent environment for fungal growth.
• Weakened immune system:People with the weakened immune system are more likely to develop fungal infections like jock itch.
• Diabetes:People with diabetes are more prone to skin infections, like jock itch.

Signs and symptoms of Jock itch

Symptoms usually appear between 4 to 14 days after the skin comes into contact with the fungus.

Jock itch initially starts as a flat, red, and itchy rash. This rash often appears first on the inner thighs and then spreads outward in a ring shape. As the rash spreads, the center of the rash often improves. The rash often develops a clear red border that may contain a number of blisters. As the rash spreads, it can infect the thighs, groin, and buttocks.

Apart from the rash, other symptoms of Jock itch are as follows:

• Burning and itching on the skin.
• Scaling and flaking skin.
• Rash that may get worse with exercise and doesn't respond to anti-itch creams.

Prevention and Treatment

There are several ways to reduce the risk of jock itch, such as-

Practice good hygiene-

Regular washing your hands can greatly reduce the risk of catching this infection from other people. It is also important to keep your skin clean and dry, especially in the groin area.

Wash the area regularly with soap and dry the area thoroughly after showering. Applying baby talcum powder around the groin can also help prevent excess moisture.

Avoid tight clothing-

Tight clothes can rub or scratch your skin, which can make you more prone to itching. You can try wearing boxers instead of briefs.

Wear loose clothing in hot or humid weather-

Loose clothing can prevent sweat and a warm, humid environment in which fungus usually grows. Make sure you wash your workout clothes or athletic braces after use.

If you have athlete’s foot, seek treatment immediately-

The fungus that causes itching can cause athlete's foot and vice versa. You can avoid spreading it to your groin by making sure you don't use the same towel on your legs or groin and by maintaining hygiene.

Medications to treat Jock itch

Itching can usually be treated with an over-the-counter antifungal cream, lotion, or powder that is applied to the skin for two to four weeks. If you are prone to itching, you should continue to apply antifungal or drying powder after bathing to prevent recurrence.

Nonprescription medicines used to treat jock itch include-

• Clotrimazole (antifungal liquid, fungicure, clocip powder)
• Miconazole (Aloe Vesta 2 in 1 Antifungal, Aloe Vesta Clear Antifungal, Azolen, Baza Antifungal, Critic-Aid Clear AF, Cruex Prescription Strength, DermaFungal, Desenex Jock Itch, Fungoid, Lagicam, Micaderm, Micatin, Secura Antifungal)
• Terbinafine (Athlete’s Foot Cream)
• Ketoconazole (Nizoral A-D)

If the infection does not respond to over-the-counter medications, your doctor may prescribe something stronger, including the following medications:

• Econazole (Ecoza)
• Oxiconazole (Oxistat)

You may also be prescribed the following oral medications:

• Fluconazole (Diflucan)
• Itraconazole (Onmel, Sporanox, Tolsura)
• Terbinafine (Lamisil)

All the above mentioned oral medications should be taken under medical supervision to avoid any complications.

Home remedies to cure Jock itch

Honey-

Honey has antibacterial and antifungal properties that will help you get rid of jock itch as long as you use it daily. Apply the honey for at least an hour. Then just rinse it off. Give yourself a few weeks to see the results.

Garlic-

Garlic has antibacterial and antifungal properties. Crush a clove of garlic and mix it with about three to four tablespoons of coconut oil. Apply a thin layer of this oil to the affected area and cover it with gauze then rinse it off. Do this for about two weeks, until the symptoms go away.

Soap-

This is one of the simplest and effective home remedies for jock itch. Apply the anti-fungal soap and take shower at least three times a day to clean the infected area. Dry off when you are done.

Aloe vera-

Applying a layer of aloe vera can help stop the itching and will help you get rid of this problem as it has antifungal and cooling properties. It lasts for about two weeks but you will see positive results.

Coconut oil-

Apply coconut oil to the infected area a few times a day. This will surely help you out to fight jock itchasCoconut oil has antimicrobial and antifungal properties.

Turmeric-

Turmeric is a powerful antifungal agent. Mix it with a little bit of water to make a paste. Apply it on the area with a cotton swab twice a day for two weeks. You can see positive results earlier also.

When to see a doctor?

While jock itch is not a serious problem, your doctor should look for any persistent rash that develops to rule out other serious medical conditions. A person with jock itch should see a doctor if over-the-counter medications don't work or if the rash gets worse.

Like humans, birds also catch the flu. Bird flu is also known as Avian Influenza. It is a viral infection that not only infects birds, but can also infect humans and other animals through close contact. The most common type of bird flu infection that can spread to humans is H5N1.

H5N1, a subtype of bird flu, has a high mortality rate. The infection usually affects wild birds. The bird flu virus is highly contagious and mainly affects poultry such as chickens, turkeys, and ducks.

How does Bird flu spread?

Wild birds tend to carry infections in their intestines. However, they are usually not infected. It occurs naturally in birds.

Infected birds transmit the virus to susceptible birds. They spread the virus through saliva, nasal secretions, and bird droppings (feces). Susceptible birds become infected when they come in contact with these secretions. Humans, on the other hand, become infected when they come into close contact with these sensitive birds. Most cases of bird flu in humans are the result of close contact with infected poultry or contaminated surfaces.

Symptoms of Bird flu

Humans are not easily infected with bird flu, but in rare cases, it can affect humans.

H5N1 infection can be diagnosed in humans when the following symptoms are seen:

• Coughing.
• Chest pain.
• Cold.
• Cold sweat.
• Headache.
• Loss of appetite.
• Sore throat.
• Hard to sleep.
• Fever over 100 degrees fahrenheit.
• Bleeding gums.
• Diarrhea.
• Muscle and joint pain.
• Fatigue.
• Hoarseness.
• Lung infection.
• Bleeding in sputum.
• Eye infection (very rare symptom).

Most of the symptoms of bird flu are similar to the common cold. Therefore, you should not self-diagnose yourself and consult a doctor to check whether you have bird flu or not. A rapid decline in health is a sign of bird flu.

Risk factors of developing the Bird flu

The greatest risk factor for H5N1 bird flu is 'close contact' with infected birds.

Touching or direct contact with contaminated surfaces is a major risk factor.

You may be at high risk of infection if you:

• Visit or own a poultry farm.
• Exposed to infected birds.
• Treat or care for sick birds.
• Eat raw poultry or eggs.
• Slaughter or kill infected birds.
• Touch unwashed eggs from infected birds.
• Touch water infected with infection from sick birds.
• Visit the open market where infected birds are sold.

Causes of Bird flu

Bird flu occurs naturally in a bird named wild waterfowl (wild ducks) and can spread to poultry such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese. The disease is transmitted through contact with infected bird droppings or secretions.

Outdoor markets, where eggs and birds are sold in crowded and unsanitary conditions, are hotbeds of infection and can spread disease to a wider population.

Uncooked poultry meat or eggs from infected birds can transmit bird flu.

Prevention and Treatment for Bird flu

One of the most important prevention against bird flu (avian influenza) is the flu vaccination. People can take responsibility for their health and take some simple but useful precautions to prevent the flu. These precautions include:

• Wash your hands regularly with warm water and soap.
• Cough while mouth covered with a handkerchief.
• Stay isolated if you catch a cold to avoid spreading the infection.
• Oseltamivir Tamiflu is used by some doctors to control and prevent disease and as internal medicine for treatment.
• Bird flu patients should get full rest, drink plenty of fluids and take proper nutrition.

Home Remedies to Fight Bird flu

Turmeric-

Turmeric is known for its anti-inflammatory properties which help stimulate immunoprotective agents and reduce the risk of bird flu. For this, add a pinch of turmeric to a glass of warm water and consume it.

Ginger-

Compounds like gingerols and zingerone in ginger prevent flu from growing in the body and helps increase immunity to fight against pathogens. For this, drink ginger tea every morning. You can also add honey or lemon to the tea and consume it for added benefits.

Astragalus-

Astragalus is known as an immune-boosting herb that supports bone marrow by increasing interferon production. These help fight pathogens and reduce the symptoms of bird flu. For this, add astragalus roots to tea or soup.

Garlic-

Garlic is known for its antiviral and antibiotic properties which fight bird flu effectively. Garlic also boosts immunity. For this, consume one clove of garlic with a glass of water to boost immunity and to treat the flu.

Green tea-

Catechins, phenolic compounds found in green tea, are known for their strong anti-influenza properties. These compounds help minimize bird flu symptoms.

Steam-

Inhaling steam helps relieve nasal congestion and loosens mucus. This is the best way to clear blocked airways when a person is suffering from bird flu symptoms. For this all you have to do is boil water, cover your head with a towel and inhale the steam.

When to see a doctor?

Call your doctor if you have flu symptoms within 10 days of handling poultry or traveling to any area known to have a bird flu epidemic.

Infectious diseases should be treated without wasting time otherwise failure to do so may increase the risk of spreading diseases. One such infectious disease is herpes which affects the person's skin, mouth, eyes, face and genitals. It is a disease that is spread through the viruses herpes simplex which is why this disease is called herpes in which the patient may have to face problems like unbearable pain and burning.

What is Herpes?

Herpes is a type of viral infectious disease that affects the skin. It occurs easily on any part of the body such as the lips, face, between the fingers, on the head, on the hands, in the mouth or in the private parts of the body. The main reason for this is coming in contact with an infected object or infected person. The virus that causes this problem is known as the herpes simplex virus (HSV). When this problem occurs, a cluster of small pimples is seen in the affected areas due to which the person feels itching, pain and burning in the affected area which later takes the form of a wound.

Types of Herpes and their Symptoms

Herpes is mainly divided into two parts which are the following-

HSV I-

HSV I is also called oral herpes or type 1 herpes. The effect of infection in this type of herpes is mainly seen around the mouth and on the face of the person. It is spread through oral secretions or wounds on the skin. It can also spread through toothbrushes, eating utensils, oral sex, etc.

Symptoms of Oral Herpes-

• Itching and burning around the mouth or lips.
• Blisters or rashes in the gums, lips, mouth and throat.
• Red rash filled with water on the face.
• Tingling feeling around the lips or mouth.
• Sore throat.
• Fever.
• Difficulty swallowing.

HSV II-

This type of herpes is known as genital herpes where there is a problem of sores or herpes around the genitals or rectum of the infected person. Although this problem is mostly found below the waist. Genetic herpes is more common in women than in men. Pregnant women with genital herpes should consult a doctor immediately, as the disease can be transmitted from mother to child.

Symptoms of Genital Herpes

• Itching or pain in the genitals.
• Pain during intercourse.
• The appearance of swelling in the groin area i.e. between the waist and thighs.
• Water-filled blisters in the vagina or on the outside of the woman's vagina, around the anus or thighs.
• Water-filled blisters on the penis, anus or around the thighs of men.
• Loss of appetite.
• Fever.
• Feeling weaker.
• Soreness or pain while urinating.
• Excessive vaginal bleeding.

Causes of Herpes

There are many reasons for having herpes but the main reason for this is a virus called herpes simplex which has been mentioned above. According to experts, this virus came from different species of monkeys to humans millions of years ago. It is an infectious disease that is transferred by coming in contact with an infected object or infected person. Therefore, its transfer has been mainly attributed to herpes in humans. Let us talk about some of the same reasons, due to which there is a high possibility of spreading this virus from one person to another which are the following:

• Eating leftover food of an infected person.
• Weakening of immunity of the person.
• Kissing an infected person.
• Using lip cream or balm used by an infected person.
• Coming into contact with the genitals of an infected person.
• Having other sexually transmitted infections.
• Sexual intercourse with more than one person.
• Sexual intercourse at a young age.

Tests for Herpes

Viral culture-

Herpes is diagnosed through viral culture. It is detected whether the wound or blister present on the skin is infected with the herpes virus. For this, a sample of the fluid from the wound or blister present on the skin is taken. After that sample test is done to detect the presence of the herpes virus in the lab.

Blood test-

The level of antibodies is also detected with the help of a blood test by which the presence of the herpes virus is detected.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test-

During this test, the DNA of the virus present in the liquid of the blister is examined. This diagnoses herpes type 1 and herpes type 2.

Treatment methods of Herpes

• To treat herpes, doctors give antiviral drugs to fight the virus. These drugs help reduce pain and relieve symptoms.
• Apart from this, antiviral skin creams are also used.
• Using antiseptic soap helps prevent the virus from spreading to other areas of the body.

Home remedies for Herpes

Tea tree oil-

The use of tea tree oil is a very good option for the herpes virus. The anti-viral, antibacterial compounds present in this oil prevent the spread of herpes and skin-related infections. Antioxidants prove to be effective in curing itchy and dry skin. For this, mix a few drops of tea tree oil with carrier oil and apply them to the affected area.

Honey-

Honey has anti-viral and anti-inflammatory properties that kill the virus. It also helps in relieving pain and inflammation. Therefore, apply honey regularly to the affected area at least 4 times daily.

Ajwain oil-

Ajwain oil also proves effective for skin-related diseases. Carvacrol is present in this oil, which exhibits anti-viral properties. These properties found in it prevent the related infection from spreading. For this, mix a few drops of ajwain oil with a carrier oil and apply them to the affected area.

Baking soda-

In case of the herpes virus, wash the skin of the infected areas by adding baking soda in lukewarm water. By doing this, the problem of the herpes virus gets relief.

Aloe vera-

Aloe vera has anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties that prevent the spread of skin infections. For this, apply aloe vera gel to the infected skin areas.

Sandalwood-

Grinding sandalwood in rose water and applying it to herpes sores is beneficial.

Liquorice-

The root of liquorice has also been used in Ayurveda to get relief from the herpes virus. For this, mix water in the powder of liquorice root and make a paste of it. Now apply this paste to the affected areas and leave it for 20 to 30 minutes. After that wash it off with water.

Olive oil-

According to research, olive oil also proves effective in getting rid of the herpes virus or blisters because it has anti-microbial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties which relieve the pain of infections and wounds. Mix about 10 drops of lavender oil and two teaspoons of beeswax in olive oil and heat it for five to ten minutes. Let it cool for a while, when it comes to normal temperature, apply it to the affected area.

Petroleum jelly or Vaseline-

In the problem of herpes, petroleum jelly or Vaseline also works like medicine. According to research published on the website of NCBI, the use of petroleum jelly proves to be beneficial to some extent in oral herpes.

Lemon balm oil-

Lemon balm oil is a good remedy for treating herpes. According to experts, antiviral properties are found in lemon balm. Apart from destroying the herpes virus, it is effective in removing its effect. For this, take two to three drops of lemon balm oil on a piece of cotton and apply it to the affected areas.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an intestinal disease. The main reason for this is changes in today's daily routine and eating habits. This disease causes complaints of inflammation and irritation in the large intestine due to which there are ulcers in the colon and rectum of the large intestine. Ulcers in the large intestine are the cause of unbearable pain in the stomach. The symptoms of which develop gradually. If not treated on time, these blisters turn into wounds which can prove to be fatal after some time. Therefore, it is very important to treat it as soon as this problem is detected.

Inflammation in the intestine or digestive tract is medically called inflammatory bowel disease. This is an inflammation of the intestine which can cause ulcers if left in the digestive tract for a long time. Inflammation of the large intestine usually affects the inner part of the rectum. This problem can also cause internal bleeding and infection.

Types of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

According to the doctor, there are two types of inflammatory bowel disease. Let's take a look at these types –

Ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis is an inflammation of the large intestines which can cause ulcers if left in the digestive tract for a long time. Inflammation of the large intestine usually affects the inner part of the rectum. Its subtypes are as follows:

• Ulcerative Proctitis-  This type of ulcerative colitis is common. In this type, the swelling is limited to around the rectum and bleeding from the anus is the only sign of the disease.

• Proctosigmoiditis- In this type of ulcerative colitis, there is inflammation in the rectum and sigmoid colon (lower side of the abdomen). Its symptoms include bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain and cramps and difficulty in defecating.

• Left side colitis- In this type of ulcerative colitis, the inflammation extends from the sigmoid colon, that is, from the bottom of the large intestine to the anus. This leads to problems like pain in the left side of the abdomen, cramps and difficulty while defecating.

• Pen Colitis- It usually affects the sigmoid colon which causes severe bloody diarrhea due to which complex problems like abdominal cramps, pain, fatigue, weakness and weight loss arise.

Crohn's disease

The inflammation that usually occurs in Crohn's disease can occur in any part of the digestive system. Most often this inflammation affects the lower part of the intestine.

Symptoms of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

• Loose stools.
• Abdominal cramps.
• Pain in the stomach and this pain intensifies on an empty stomach.
• Burning in the stomach and the burning sensation worsens at night.
• Frequent dizziness or feeling weak.
• Blood in stool.
• Loss of appetite.
• Unexplained weight loss.
• Frequent urge to go to the toilet.
• Deterioration of mental health.

Causes of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

According to the doctor, the exact cause of inflammation in the intestine is not clear. However, heredity and the immune system are believed to be the main reasons.

Genetics-

Some diseases are genetic which keep passing from one generation to another among the members of the family including inflammatory bowel disease. If any family member has inflammatory bowel disease, then there is a great possibility that it could pass to another generation in the family.

Immune System-

Impairment of the immune system which leads to bacteria attacking rapidly is also a cause of inflammatory bowel disease. This leads to bacterial infection which is the main cause of ulcers. It is caused by contaminated food and water.

Other risk factors for Inflammatory Bowel Disease-

• Taking painkillers for a long time.
• Isotretinoin on taking anti-acne drugs.
• Consuming more food containing oily and chilli spices.
• If suffering from lung, kidney and liver related problems.

Prevention and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

• Pay special attention to hand hygiene before eating.
• Eat a healthy and balanced diet which contains a lot of fiber.
• Include fruits and green vegetables in your diet.
• Drink plenty of fluids and water.
• Avoid consumption of tea, coffee, smoking etc.
• Refrain from consuming alcohol.
• Avoid consumption of fried and junk food.
• Chew the food well and eat it.
• Incorporate yoga and exercise into your routine.
• Walk for at least 1 hour daily.
• Don't stay hungry for long.

Home remedies for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Yogurt is beneficial-

Yogurt is an excellent source of probiotics. Therefore, eating curd is very beneficial in case of ulcer and inflammation.

Aloe Vera is beneficial-

The use of aloe vera gel is beneficial to reduce intestinal inflammation. Aloe vera has anti-inflammatory properties which help in reducing inflammation of the intestines. Apart from this, aloe vera is also used for wound healing and reducing pain. For this, consuming aloe vera gel or its juice provides relief in intestinal inflammation.

Green tea-

The use of green tea is considered very beneficial in the problem of inflammatory bowel disease. Anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties are found in green tea, which are considered beneficial in many problems related to the intestine.

Rice water-

Rice water proves to be effective in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Rice water helps to control the pH level of the intestine. It also reduces the irritation in the alimentary canal. Apart from this, the vitamins and minerals present in it also fulfill the deficiency of nutrients in the body.

Flax seed water-

Flaxseeds are great for the treatment of ulcerative colitis because it is rich in fiber, which works to relieve inflammation and ulcers in the intestines. Apart from this, the fatty acids and antioxidants present in flaxseed reduce infection and help in removing impurities from the body.

Coconut oil-

Consumption of coconut oil is very beneficial in the problem of intestinal inflammation and ulcers because it has anti-inflammatory properties which provides relief in pain and burning in the intestines.

Ataxia is described as a lack of muscle control or coordination of voluntary movements such as walking or lifting objects. As a sign of an underlying condition, ataxia can affect range of motion and can cause difficulties in speaking, eye movements, and swallowing.

Persistent ataxia is usually the result of damage to the part of your brain that controls muscle coordination (the cerebellum). Various conditions like alcohol abuse, certain drugs, stroke, tumor, cerebral palsy, brain degeneration, and multiple sclerosis can result in Ataxia. Inherited defective genes can also cause this condition.

Types of Ataxia

There are three main types of ataxia based on the part of the body affected. These are sensory, cerebellar, and vestibular ataxia-

Sensory Ataxia:This type of ataxia is caused by damage to the somatosensory nervous system. Sensory feedback signals such as vision and hearing are impaired, making it difficult to maintain coordination.

Cerebellar Ataxia:Symptoms of ataxia appear when there is damage in the cerebellum (the part of the brain that controls coordination)

Vestibular Ataxia:When the vestibular system, namely the inner ear and cochlea, are affected, symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, and difficulty in walking in a straight line may occur.

Symptoms of Ataxia

Common symptoms are-

• Unclear speech
• Difficulty in standing and walking
• Loss of balance and coordination
• Difficulty in chewing and swallowing food
• Decreased fine motor skills
• Unusual eye movements
• Heart disorders
• Lung infections
• Tremors

In Ataxia, a particular part of the nervous system is damaged or becomes dysfunctional. The most common form, called cerebellar ataxia, is found in the cerebellum. Sensory ataxia, which affects the spine and peripheral nervous system, and vestibular ataxia, which affects the inner ear and auditory canals.

Can Ataxia be prevented?

There is no cure for ataxia but the symptoms can be reduced or managed with proper treatment. Ataxia is largely unpreventable, if only because there are so many possible causes and it can occur at any age. However, adopting a healthy lifestyle can reduce the risk of certain conditions associated with ataxia, including stroke and cancer, which in turn reduces the risk of other medical conditions.

Causes of Ataxia

Damage, degeneration, or loss of nerve cells in the part of the brain that controls muscle coordination (the cerebellum) causes ataxia. Your cerebellum is made up of two folded pieces of tissue located at the base of your brain near your brainstem. This area of ​​the brain helps with balance, eye movements, swallowing, and speech.

Diseases that damage the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves that connect the cerebellum to the muscles can also cause ataxia. Causes of ataxia are-

Head injury-Damage to the brain or spinal cord from a blow to the head, which can occur in a car accident, can cause sudden, and acute cerebellar ataxia.

Stroke- Obstruction or bleeding in the brain can cause ataxia. When blood flow is cut off or severely reduced to parts of your brain, brain tissue is deprived of oxygen and nutrients, and as a result the brain cells die.

Cerebral palsy- It is a general term for a group of disorders caused by damage to a child's brain during early development, before, during or soon after birth, that affects a child's ability to coordinate body movements.

Autoimmune diseases- Multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, celiac disease, and other autoimmune diseases can cause ataxia.

Infection- Ataxia can be an uncommon complication of chickenpox and other viral infections such as HIV and Lyme disease. This can occur in the healing stage of the infection and last for several days or weeks. This type of Ataxia usually resolves over time.

Paraneoplastic syndromes- This is a rare, degenerative disease caused by your immune system's response to a malignant tumor (neoplasm), most commonly lung, ovarian, breast or lymph cancer. Ataxia can occur months or years before the cancer is diagnosed.

Abnormalities in the brain- An infected area (abscess) in the brain can cause ataxia. Cancerous (malignant) or noncancerous (benign) growth in the brain can damage the cerebellum.

Toxic reaction- Ataxia is a possible side effect of some drugs, especially barbiturates such as phenobarbital; sedatives such as benzodiazepines; antiepileptics such as phenytoin; and some types of chemotherapy. Vitamin B-6 toxicity can also cause ataxia. It is important to identify these causes as the effects are often reversible.

In addition, some of the medications you are taking can cause age-related problems, so you may need to reduce your dose or stop taking medications.

Alcohol and drug poisoning-Heavy metal poisoning such as lead or mercury; and solvent poisoning, such as paint thinner, can also cause ataxia.

Deficiency of vitamin E, vitamin B-12, or thiamine- Deficiency of these nutrients due to inability to consume enough of these vitamins, alcohol abuse, or other causes can lead to ataxia.

Thyroid- Hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism can cause ataxia.

Covid 19 infection- This infection can cause ataxia but that, usually happens in very severe cases.

Treatment for Ataxia

• Treatment for ataxia depends on the cause. If ataxia is a symptom of another disease, the underlying disease needs to be treated. Treating the underlying disease or disease process can help relieve or reduce symptoms. For example, you may be prescribed physical therapy after a stroke, you may be given help for multiple sclerosis, or you may be asked to take vitamin supplements for vitamin deficiencies. If you have celiac disease, you will be trained to change your diet to eliminate gluten.
• Sometimes you need to see a specialist who will treat the condition causing the symptoms.
• If the ataxia is part of a group of degenerative diseases, your treatment options may include, but are not limited to:

Medications:Riluzole, varenicline, and amantadine are drugs that have shown promising results in improving gait and tremors.

Physical Therapy:Physical therapy that works on balance, gait or movement control can help improve the quality of life for people with ataxia.

When to see a doctor?

If you experience symptoms of ataxia for no apparent reason, it is important to talk to your doctor. They can help diagnose what's going on and start any further treatment that may be needed.

It is best not to ignore symptoms such as difficulty in-

• Coordination or balance
• Walking
• Talking or swallowing

Sudden changes in these functions could potentially indicate emergency medical treatment, such as a stroke. If you suspect someone is having a stroke or other emergency medical condition, call your local emergency services immediately.

Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by a bacteria called Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis). Once a person is infected, they can pass chlamydia to their partner through sexual intercourse. Infection can also occur when partners share sex toys that have been infected with the bacteria that causes chlamydia.

The bacteria that causes chlamydia is transmitted through vaginal fluids and semen, meaning people of both sexes who have sex can catch chlamydia and infect their partners. If you are pregnant and have chlamydia, you can pass it on to your newborn baby.

Symptoms of Chlamydia

Most people with chlamydia don't see any symptoms. Only about 10% of men and 5-30% of women experience symptoms.

It's also unclear how long it will take before symptoms appear, but it may take several weeks.

In women-

In women, symptoms of chlamydia can include:

• Secretions from the cervix
• Easy bleeding
• Frequent or painful urination

When chlamydia spreads to the uterus and fallopian tubes, it can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). It also may not cause any symptoms. However, it can affect fertility in women.

In men-

In men, symptoms can include pain, tenderness, and swelling of the testicles or urethra, the tube that carries urine.

Both men and women can experience symptoms in the rectum and anus. The virus can infect the area during anal sex or spread through the reproductive organs.

Main symptoms include:

• Rectal pain
• Discharge from the rectum or bleeding
• Contact with infected secretions can also cause chlamydial conjunctivitis (pink eye).

Laboratory tests have found chlamydia in the throats of people who have oral sex with someone who has the infection. However, this usually does not cause any symptoms.

Causes and Risk factors of Chlamydia

• Chlamydia is an STI caused by a certain strain of bacteria known as Chlamydia trachomatis.
• It is transmitted through vaginal discharge or semen and can be transmitted through genital contact or oral, vaginal, or anal sex without barrier method like condom.
• Chlamydia is more common in women than men. In fact, the overall infection rate for women in the United States is estimated to be twice than that for men.

Some other risk factors for infection are:

• Consistent avoidance of barrier methods such as condoms for new sexual partners.
• Have a sexual partner who has sex with other people.
• With a history of chlamydia or other STIs.

Signs of Chlamydia

Chlamydia can affect body parts other than your reproductive organs, for example:

Anal:You may feel pain, discomfort, bleeding, or a mucus-like discharge from the anus.

Throat:You may have a sore throat

Eye:You may notice symptoms of conjunctivitis if C. trachomatis gets into your eye. Symptoms include redness, pain, and discharge.

Contact your doctor if you notice these symptoms.

What doesn't Cause Chlamydia?

Situations involving fluid exchange or intimacy do notalways causechlamydia. You can't get chlamydia from:

• Kissing.
• Sharing food or drinks.
• Holding hands or hugging.
• Using the toilet after everyone else.
• Inhalation of droplets after coughing or sneezing.

Prevention methods for Chlamydia

To prevent chlamydia:

• Use condoms consistently and correctly.
• Limiting the number of sexual partners.
• Having a sexual relationship where both partners are monogamous.
• Routine check-up.
• Avoid sex until treatment is complete.

Can Chlamydia be cured?

Yes, Chlamydia is treatable and curable. However, some sexually transmitted bacterial infections are starting to become resistant to antibiotics, making chlamydia more difficult to treat. Keeping this in mind, the best way to combat chlamydia is to prevent the infection from spreading.

What can happen if Chlamydia is not treated?

Untreated chlamydia can be dangerous to your health. Make an appointment with your doctor right away if you notice any symptoms of chlamydia, and get regular check-ups for STIs to avoid complications later in life. Untreated chlamydia can cause:

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)-

PID is a serious condition that requires hospitalization. This can happen when an untreated STI such as chlamydia damages your reproductive organs. PID ​​can cause infertility and chronic pelvic pain. It can also lead to an ectopic pregnancy, which is life-threatening to the fetus and potentially fatal to the pregnant mother.

Complications during pregnancy-

Untreated infection can lead to premature birth. In addition, if you are pregnant and have chlamydia, you can pass the infection on to your new born baby. Babies born with chlamydia can develop pneumonia or conjunctivitis, which if left untreated can lead to blindness.

Epididymitis-

The infection can spread to the testicles causing symptoms such as pain, swelling, and tenderness in the testicles.

Reduced fertility-

Chlamydia can damage your sperm and negatively affect your ability to get pregnant.

Doctors usually prescribe antibiotics to treat chlamydia. Antibiotics like Azithromycin, Doxycycline and Ofloxacinare usually taken as pills.

Home remedies for Chlamydia

Garlic-

Garlic has antifungal properties which helps fight yeast growth, which can make it useful during antibiotic treatment for chlamydia.

Goldenseal or orangeroot-

Goldenseal/orangeroot is an effective home remedy. It can cure a number of conditions including upper respiratory tract infections and thrush. Goldenseal can cure STIs, including gonorrhea and chlamydia.

Turmeric-

Turmeric has powerful anti-inflammatory properties which cures chlamydia.

Coneflower-

Coneflower is an important ayurvedic herb andis a good home remedy to boost immunity and help fight bacterial and viral infections like chlamydia.

Olive tree extract-

Olive tree extract has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties which is considered an effective home remedy for chlamydia.

When to see a doctor in Chlamydia?

If a person has symptoms of chlamydia after evaluation and treatment, or thinks they have been re-exposed to chlamydia, they should see their doctor. Women are less likely to experience chlamydia symptoms than men, so getting tested regularly is very important for them.

A bunion is a swelling that forms on the outside of the big toe. This foot deformity is the result of years of pressure on the big toe joint (metatarsophalangeal or MTP joint). Eventually, the toe joint flattens out and a bony swelling forms. Bunions can form in one or both legs. The scientific term for a bunion is hallux abducto valgus. Foot problems are more common in older people, especially women.

Types of Bunions

The most common type is the big toe bunions. Other types of bunions include:

• Congenital bunion:Some babies are naturally born with bunions.
• Adolescents or Juvenile bunion:Adolescents and teens between the ages of 10 and 15 may develop bunions.
• Tailor's bunion:This bunion, also called bunionette, forms on the outer base of the little finger.

Causes and Risk factors of Bunions

It is widely believed that bunions are genetic. They arise due to an inherited faulty foot structure. Some of the conditions that contribute to the development of bunions are flat feet, overly flexible ligaments, and abnormal bone structure. Some experts believe that ill-fitted shoes cause bunions.

Anyone can get bunions, but in general, the following risk factors can increase your risk of developing bunions:

• Wear heels that push your toes in front of your shoe.
• Wear tight shoes that are too tight or pointy.
• Rheumatoid arthritis.
• Having a family history of problems with the structure or anatomy of your foot.

Bunions are more common in women, possibly due to pressure on the feet by high heels and other tight shoes but shoes that sacrifice comfort for style aren't the only reason for the condition. Bunions can also be caused by health problems that affect the feet, including gout and psoriatic arthritis. People with connective tissue disorders such as Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, as well as those with Down syndrome, may be at increased risk of developing bunions. Men can also get bunions.

Symptoms of Bunions

Bunions develop when pressure on the big toe joint causes the big toe to tilt toward the second big toe.

Eventually, the bone structure of the big toe changes, resulting in a bunion. This deformity gradually gets worse and can cause pain when wearing shoes or walking.

Although bunions are usually small and tend to grow slowly. However, wearing tight shoes can cause the bunion to enlarge. The bigger the bunion, the more painful and difficult it is to walk.

Symptoms of bunions include the following:

• Pain in the big toe joint, which is worse when wearing tight shoes.
• Problems with walking or moving the big toe normally.
• Inflamed (red and thickened) skin on the outer edge of the big toe.
• Numbness in big toe.
• Burning sensation.
• Calluses where the toes rub together.

As the disease gets worse, they can significantly change the appearance of your feet. With a severe bunion, your big toe may bend under or above your second toe.

Pressure from the big toe can force the second toe out of a straight line and bend it at an angle to the third toe. Calluses can develop where toes rub together, causing additional discomfort and difficulty in walking.

How to prevent Bunions?

Not all bunions can be prevented and they can form due to genetic factors. However, the following ways can help reduce the chances of developing a bunion.

• Wear comfortable shoes.
• Avoid ill fitted shoes or high heels.
• Relax your feet whenever you can.

Exercises to treat Bunions

Yes, the exercises that can relieve bunion pain and strengthen the muscles in your feet are-

Toe curls-

It works on the toe joints by flexing the muscles under your feet. Sit on a surface with your feet about 6 inches off the floor. Point and slowly curl your toes. Do 20 repetitions for 2 to 3 sets.

Heel raise-

When sitting, place your feet on the floor. Lift your heels and transfer most of your weight to the joints of your feet. Hold 5 seconds and return to the floor. Repeat 10 times on each leg.

Figure eight curls-

This exercise is similar to toe rotation, but you move your toe in a figure eight motion, not in a circle. It promotes flexibility and freedom of movement. Repeat 8 times on each toe for 3 to 4 sets.

Towel grip and pull-

Place a small towel or hand towel on the floor. Sit down and grab a towel with your toes and pull it towards yourself. Use only your toes to squeeze the towel. Repeat this movement for up to 5 minutes.

Ball roll-

Place a tennis ball on the floor and place your feet on it. Roll your foot back and forth on the ball. Repeat this motion on each leg for 3 to 5 minutes, even if the bunion is only on one leg.

Toe circles-

It mobilizes the toe joints and helps reduce stiffness while sitting on a chair, bend over and hold your big toe. Begin rotation of your toes clockwise 20 times. Stop and rewind for another 20 laps. Do 2 to 3 sets on each toe.

Toe spreading-

When sitting, place your feet on the floor. Keep your heels on the floor, lift and spread your toes. Repeat this exercise 10 to 20 times on each leg.

Home remedies for Bunions

Olive Oil- 

It is especially effective for painful bunions. Massage daily for 10-15 minutes with a little warm olive oil on the affectedarea. This increases blood flow to the area, causing the synovial fluid, which lubricates the joints, to move smoothly and dissolve excess calcium of the bunions.

Garlic-

Rub the bunion with a clove of garlic, which is rich in antioxidants, antifungal and antibacterial properties, cover with a large bandage and leave overnight. Do this every day until it provides relief in bunion.

Castor oil-

Castor oil has anti-inflammatory properties that help reduce the swelling of your bunion. It is also very effective in relieving pain. Heat some castor oil, dip a towel in it and wrap it around the affectedarea. Cover the hot compress with a towel to prevent heat from escaping. Repeat daily until the pain subsides.

White vinegar-

The acid in vinegar can help soften tough skin. It also has antibacterial and antifungal properties. Mix vinegar with water and apply the solution to the affected area and cover with a bandage. Leave it overnight and gently exfoliate in the morning. When you're done, apply moisturizer to the area. Do this every day until the bunion is gone.

When to see a doctor?

Bunions often don't require medical attention, see your doctor or a foot specialist (podiatrist or orthopaedist) if you notice the following:

• Persistent pain in your big toe or foot.
• Noticeable swelling in the big toe joint.

Infectious diseases should be treated without delay because failing to do so may increase the risk of spread. These infectious diseases include Chikungunya, Dengue and Malaria which are spread through viral infection. These diseases mostly occur during or after the rainy season (October-November) because mosquitoes are found abundantly during this time. It is a type of carrier borne disease. A carrier is an organism that does not itself cause disease but other parasites (malaria) and viruses (dengue and chikungunya) are transmitted from infected person to uninfected person. Let us discuss the various causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of Chikungunya, Dengue and Malaria through the sections of this blog.

How are Dengue, Chikungunya and Malaria spread?

Chikungunya and dengue are infectious diseases caused by a virus which is spread by the bite of an infected female mosquito called Aedes aegypti. It is a type of viral fever. Aedes mosquitoes are found in abundance during the rainy season. These mosquitoes usually lay eggs in open and clean water collected in and around homes, schools and other buildings. Mostly these mosquitoes bite during the day time.

Malaria is caused by a parasite called Plasmodium. The disease is spread through the bite of the Anopheles mosquito that thrive in dirty water. These mosquitoes mostly bite after sunset (evening and night). Mosquitoes of the Anopheles species can transmit malaria only if they themselves have been infected with malaria-infected blood.

Symptoms of Chikungunya and Dengue

The general symptoms of Chikungunya and Dengue are similar but there are differences at some level. The symptoms of dengue include weakness in the body whereas the problem of pain in the body of a person suffering from chikungunya is prominent. The most important feature of dengue is that due to this, platelets in the body start decreasing continuously. Whereas in Chikungunya the platelet count does not decrease. Apart from this, other symptoms of Chikungunya and Dengue are similar. Let's talk about these common symptoms-

• High fever with severe joint pain.
• Sharp shivering (cold) feeling.
• Pain in muscles.
• Having a headache.
• Sore throat.
• Vomiting and nausea.
• Loss of appetite, feeling tired.
• Bad taste in mouth.
• Red rashes on the skin.
• Pain in the back of the eyes.

Symptoms of Malaria

Usually in malaria, fever occurs at an interval of one day and the patient feels shivering (cold) along with fever. Apart from this, there are many other symptoms of this disease which are as follows-

• Sudden chills with high fever.
• Vomiting and nausea.
• Feeling more tired.
• Weakness.
• Fever persists after one, two or three days.

Causes of Dengue and Chikungunya

Dengue and Chikungunya are caused by the bite of the Aedes mosquito. Chikungunya is caused by the genus Alphavirus, while Dengue is caused by the genus Flavivirus. Apart from this, dengue is also caused by four other viruses, which are as follows - DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4. Both diseases are caused by the bite of the Aedes mosquito and the initial symptom is fever.

When a mosquito, which spreads Chikungunya or Dengue, bites an infected person, then this virus comes in his saliva. After this, the person who gets bitten also gets chikungunya or dengue. Apart from this, Chikungunya is a long-lasting type of joint disease in which there is severe pain in the joints along with fever. The acute phase of this disease lasts for 2-5 days but the joint pain persists for months. The same person suffering from dengue is capable of spreading this infection for the next seven days.

Types of dengue fever

In most cases, a mosquito bite causes a mild fever. Despite this, there are three types of dengue fever. which are the following-

Normal dengue fever-

It is also known as classical fever which lasts for about 5 to 7 days, after which the patient starts recovering. This type of dengue fever is found in most of the cases. The symptoms of which are similar to Chikungunya which have been mentioned above.

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)-

In this type of dengue fever, along with the general symptoms (above), other symptoms appear. Let us know about these symptoms-

• Bleeding from nose and gums.
• Blood in defecation or vomit.
• Small or large marks of dark blue-black color on the skin.

Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS)-

In this fever, along with the symptoms of DHF, some symptoms of the 'shock' stage are also seen. These are-

• Patient's discomfort.
• Coolness of his skin in spite of high fever.
• The patient gradually faints.
• Sometimes the pulse of the patient is fast and sometimes slow and his blood pressure is low.

Causes of Malaria

Malaria is caused by a type of parasite which is called Plasmodium. This virus is transmitted in the bloodstream of humans through the bite of an infected female mosquito called Anopheles. These microbes are so small that they cannot even be seen. Malaria is spread in our body due to five types of Plasmodium parasite. Of these, three main types are responsible for most cases of malaria. These main types are-

Plasmodium falciparum-

It is the most common type of malaria parasite. Worldwide, the majority of malaria deaths are caused by the Plasmodium falciparum parasite. Symptoms include vomiting, fever, headache, back pain, dizziness, fatigue and abdominal pain.

Plasmodium vivax-

About 60 percent of malaria cases in India are caused by Plasmodium vivax. It has symptoms like fever, cold, fatigue and diarrhea. This parasite causes milder symptoms of malaria than Plasmodium falciparum but Plasmodium vivax can live in the liver for about three years due to which this disease can reoccur repeatedly.

Plasmodium ovale-

This parasite is uncommon and commonly found in West Africa. It can live in a person's liver for many years without showing any symptoms of malaria.

Prevention methods for Dengue, Chikungunya and Malaria

• Do not allow water logging in or near the house.
• Fumigate houses with neem leaves daily during the rainy season.
• Keep the kitchen and washroom dry.
• Do not leave open vessels with stagnant water.
• Change the cooler and pot water daily.
• Install mesh on windows and doors.
• Keep the lids of the water tanks tightly closed.
• Apply anti-mosquito cream or mustard oil on the body.
• Wear clothes that cover the whole body.
• Use a mosquito net while sleeping.
• Spray mosquito repellent around the house.
• Empty the water tank once a week.

Home remedies for Malaria, Dengue and Chikungunya

• Use a decoction made from basil leaves in dengue and chikungunya disease. By doing this, the immunity of the body increases leading to fast recovery.
• Grind 8-10 basil leaves and 6-8 black peppercorns and take it with honey in the morning and evening, it provides relief in malarial fever.
• Giloy is considered an elixir for the treatment of malaria, dengue and chikungunya. Taking Giloy's tablet or decoction in the morning and evening provides relief. Apart from this, drinking a decoction of basil with Giloy, dry ginger, chhoti pippali and jaggery is also beneficial in chikungunya and dengue.
• Drinking the juice of papaya leaves provides relief in diseases like dengue and chikungunya. This increases the platelets count in the body.
• Make a powder by mixing dry ginger (sonth) and ground coriander in equal quantities. Consume it regularly thrice a day with lukewarm water. By doing this, there is benefit in malaria.
• Coconut water is very beneficial for dengue and chikungunya.
• Use buttermilk regularly in case of recurrent malarial fever.
• Boiling 4-5 neem leaves in a cup of water and drinking it is very beneficial in dengue and chikungunya.
• Consuming guava is beneficial in dengue, malaria, and chikungunya because it is rich in Vitamin C and many other nutrients.
• In dengue, malaria, and chikungunya, eat light and nutrient-rich diets like porridge, khichdi, etc.
• Giving lemon water mixed with black pepper and rock salt provides relief to a person suffering from dengue, malaria, and chikungunya. Apart from this, feeding by sprinkling black pepper and rock salt on apples is also beneficial.
• Drink plenty of water in case of Chikungunya and Dengue fever because drinking water removes toxic bacteria from the body through urine.
• Mix equal amounts of garlic juice and sesame oil and apply it on the soles of the hands and feet. This provides relief in malarial fever.
• Vegetable soup is very beneficial in curing these diseases. Tomato soup is especially beneficial in chikungunya and dengue.

When to go to the doctor?

• In case of severe pain and burning in the eyes.
• In case of severe stomach pain.
• Intermittent dizziness.
• Vomiting.
• Bleeding in nose, gums, ears or defecation.
• Excessive weakness and fainting.
• If the fever is more than 102 degrees or if it does not improve for two consecutive days, then consult a doctor immediately.

हैजा एक प्रकार का मौसमी विकार है। इसका ज्यादातर प्रकोप बरसात के मौसम में देखने को मिलता है। जिसका अहम कारण गंदगी है। हैजा बैक्टीरिया से होने वाला एक रोग है, जो दूषित भोजन खाने  से होता है। यह समस्या छोटे बच्चों से लेकर बुजुर्गो तक देखने को मिलती है। हैजा होने पर लोगों को दस्त एवं उल्टी की शिकायत होने लगती है। जिसकी वजह से शरीर में पानी की कमी (निर्जलीकरण) और शारीरिक कमजोरी होने लगती है। इसलिए समय रहते इसका इलाज न कराने पर यह जानलेवा साबित हो सकती है। 

हैजा पाचन तंत्र संबंधित रोग है। जिसमे मरीज को पतला दस्त के साथ उल्टियां शुरु हो जाती हैं। आमतौर पर यह दस्त 2 से 3 दिन तक रहते हैं। कुछ मामलो में मरीज जल्दी भी ठीक हो जाते हैं।ते। हैजा मुख्य रूप से जीवाणु के संक्रमण के कारण होता है। यह बैक्टीरिया वायरस एवं पेरसाइट्स की वजह से भी हो सकता है।

हैजा के लक्षण-

हैजा होने के कई लक्षण होते हैं। लेकिन इनके कारणों के आधार पर इसमें एक या इससे अधिक लक्षण देखने को मिल सकते हैं।

• दस्त यानी लूज मोशन होना।
• बार-बार उल्टी होना।
• शरीर में पानी की कमी (निर्जलीकरण) होना।
• पेट में मरोड़ बनना ।
• ह्रदय की गति तेज होना।
• बार-बार मुंह सूख जाना।
• अधिक प्यास लगना।
• ब्लड प्रेशर लो होना।
• बेचैनी या चिड़चिड़ापन होना।
• मांसपेशियों में ऐंठन होना। 
• सुस्ती महसूस करना। 
• अधिक नींद आना।
• धंसी हुई आंखें आदि।

हैजा रोग होने के कारण-

हैजा रोग का मुख्य कारण गंदगी यानी दूषित भोजन और पानी का अंतर्ग्रहण होता है। जिसके माध्यम से शरीर में विब्रियो कोलेरा नामक हानिकारक बैक्टेरिया प्रवेश कर जाते हैं। यह हानिकारक जीवाणु  दस्त, उल्टी और कई पेट संबंधी समस्याओं का कारण बनते हैं। इसके अलावा हैजा होने के अन्य कारण भी हो सकते हैं। जोकि निम्नलिखित हैं:

• पेट में संक्रमण फैलने पर।
• शरीर में पानी की कमी (निर्जलीकरण) होने पर।
• अशुद्ध पानी पीने पर।
• अशुद्ध पानी से बने बर्फ का सेवन करने पर।
• बांसी या खुले खोजन का सेवन करने पर।
• अपशिष्ट  युक्त पानी से उगाई गई सब्जियां खाने पर।
• प्रदूषित जल या खारे जल में पाई जाने वाली मछलियां का सेवन करने पर।
• व्यक्ति की पाचन शक्ति कमजोर होने पर।
• स्विमिंग करते वक्त दूषित पानी पेट में चले जाने पर।
• ज्यादा गर्म या नमी वाले मौसम में रहने पर।
• अधपका और कच्चा  मीट खाने पर।

हैजा से बचाव के उपाय-

• साफ-सफाई का विशेष ध्यान रखें।
• हैजा से ग्रस्त जगहों पर जाने से पहले इसका वैक्सीनेशन करवाएं।
• जल भराव या एक जगह ठहरे हुए पानी वाले स्थानों पर न जाएं। 
• शौचालय से आने के बाद हाथों को अच्छी तरह से धोएं।
•  उबले हुए पानी का इस्तेमाल करें।
• खाना खाने से पहले हाथों को साबुन से अच्छी तरह से धोएं।
• प्रचुर मात्रा में तरल पदार्थों का सेवन करें।
• प्रतिदिन पर्याप्त मात्रा में पानी पिएं।
• अपने खान-पान के प्रति विशेष ध्यान दें।
• पूरी तरह से पका हुआ और गर्म भोजन करें।
• बिना उबलें हुए दूध और इससे बने उत्पादों से बचें।
• तले-भुने और जंक फूड के सेवन से बचें।
• भोजन को सही तरीके से ढ़ककर रखें।
• फलों या सब्जियों को अच्छी तरह से साफ करके उपयोग में लाएं।

हैजा के घरेलू उपचार-

•  शुरूआती स्तर के हैजा को खानपान के बदलाव से ही ठीक किया जा सकता है।
• हैजा यानी कॉलरा जैसी समस्या में चावल और मूंग दाल का पानी पीने की सलाह दी जाती है।
• शरीर में पानी की कमी (निर्जलीकरण) से बचने के लिए पर्याप्त मात्रा में पानी एवं तरल पदार्थों जैसे नारियल पानी, नींबू पानी और ओआरएस  घोल आदि का सेवन करें।
• हैजा से राहत पाने के लिए पुदीना कारगर साबित होता है। क्योंकि इसमें पाए जाने वाले एंटीबैक्टीरियल गुण हैजा के घरेलू इलाज में मददगार साबित होते हैं। इसके लिए पुदीने के रस या इसकी चाय बेहतर विकल्प है।
• शहद को गुनगुने पानी के साथ लेने पर लूज मोशन एवं हैजा की समस्या में आराम मिलता है। इसके अतिरिक्त शहद के साथ ओट्स, कॉर्न फ्लैक्स, हर्बल टी आदि का सेवन कर सकते हैं।
• हैजा के लिए दही या छाछ एक प्रभावी इलाज है। क्योंकि दही हेल्दी बैक्टीरिया से भरपूर होती है। इसलिए यह पाचन क्रिया में सुधार करने के अलावा विब्रियो कोलेरा नामक हानिकारक बैक्टीरिया का खात्मा करती है। जिससे शरीर की रोग-प्रतिरोधक क्षमता बढ़ती है।
• लहसुन में मौजूद गुण हैजा जैसी बीमारी को रोकने में कारगर साबित होते हैं। इसके लिए लहसुन का उबला पानी पीने से लाभ मिलता है।
• सेब का सिरका हैजा या लूज मोशन को रोकने में सहायक होता है। क्योकि इसमें प्राकृतिक एंटी बैक्टीरियल गुण पाए जाते हैं।
• मेथी और जीरा को सामान मात्रा में मिलाकर तवे पर भून लें। अब इस मिश्रण को चूर्ण बनाकर प्रतिदिन आधा चम्मच गुनगुने पानी के साथ लें। ऐसा करने से दस्त या हैजा सम्बंधित समस्या में आराम मिलता है  
• तुलसी के पत्ते स्वास्थ्य के लिए बहुत फायदेमंद होते हैं। साथ ही इसकी पत्तियां हैजा के इलाज में भी औषधि का काम करती है। इसके लिए तुलसी, नीम का पत्ता, कपूर एवं हींग को पीसकर इसी गोली बनाकर सूखा लें। इस गोली को सुबह-शाम सेवन करने से हैजा में लाभ मिलता है।

Filariasis is an infectious disease that is transmitted through mosquito bites. Filariasis is caused by several round, circular and filamentous parasitic worms belonging to the filariasis family. This parasite enters the skin either by itself or through holes made by mosquito bites to reach the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system balances fluid levels and protects your body from infection and when the system is infected, it affects the immunity and causes infection.

Filariasis is most common in tropical climates.Higher cases of filariasis infection are most commonly found in countries like Asia, Africa and South America.

Types of Filariasis

Two common types of Filariasis are as following:

• Lymphatic Filariasis

The lymphatic system is infected by Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori. Severe cases of lymphatic filariasis cause elephantiasis, i.e. a deep disfiguring disease in which a body part swells. One of the main problems with this filariasis is that this infection can be acquired in childhood, but visible manifestations can appear later in life, eventually leading to temporary or permanent disability. Since the lymphatic system is an important part of the immune system, an imbalance can harm your immune system.

• Subcutaneous Filariasis

This infection affects the subcutaneous tissue or subcutaneous fat under the skin and is caused by Loa loa worms, Onchocerca volvulus, Mansonella streptocerca and Dracunculus medinensis (guinea worms) which causes river blindness.

Symptoms of Filariasis

Below are the symptoms of two different types of Filariasis;

Lymphatic Filariasis

• Elephantiasis i.e. fluid retention and swelling
• Weakened immune system
• Swelling and fluid collection in the scrotum
• Skin rashes
• Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia syndrome
• Swelling and fluid buildup in the arms, legs, breasts and vulva

Subcutaneous Filariasis-

• Itching in the body
• Urticaria (Hives)
• Skin rashes
• River blindness
• Arthritis

Precautions to be taken

• Avoid mosquito bites
• Avoid going out at night or at dawn when filariasis mosquitoes are highly active
• Cover your body with a long sleeve shirt and pants
• Sleep in insecticide-treated mosquito nets or regular mosquito nets
• Avoid strong fragrances or colognes, which can attract mosquitoes
• Use mosquito repelling or mosquito killing products

What type of mosquito transmits & Filariasis?

• The type of mosquito that transmits filariasis depends on the type of filariasis worm they come in contact with.
• Filariasis is caused by the Wuchereria bancrofti worm which is transmitted by Culex quinquefasciatus and Brugia malayi worm which is transmitted by Aedes, Mansonia and Anopheles mosquitoes.

How is Filariasis diagnosed?

To diagnose lymphatic filariasis, doctors need to examine blood samples. This can be done by:

Microscopic testing: Healthcare providers can view a sample of your blood under a microscope. With a microscope, they can see if your blood contains Filarial worms. Roundworms appear regularly at night, which means they only move around in your blood at night. Because of this, you may need to draw blood at night.

Antibody testing:Healthcare providers can measure your blood sample for antibodies. Antibodies are organisms your body makes in response to infection. You can do this test during the day.

Treatment for Filariasis

Treatment depends on what symptoms you have and how severe they are:

Medications-

You can take antiparasitic drugs such as diethylcarbamazine (Hetrazan), ivermectin (Stromectol) or albendazole (Albenza). These drugs kill adult worms in your blood or stop them from multiplying. Taking these medicines can also prevent you from passing the infection on to others. Since worms can still live in your body, take this medication once a year for a few weeks.

Surgery-

Surgery helps to remove dead worms from your bloodstream. If filariasis has caused a hydrocele, you may have to surgically remove fluid buildup in the scrotum.

Elephantiasis Management-

Your doctor may also recommend strategies to manage swelling, such as elevation or compression garments.

Ayurvedic Management-

There are various types of treatments for filariasis in Ayurveda such as Daha karma (cauterization), Kshara karma (alkalization) and different types of lepa’s (tropical application).

Side effects of Filariasis treatment

Anti-parasitic medications can lead to adverse side effects. Some of these side effects include:

• Dizziness
• Nausea
• Headache
• Muscle or joint pain
• Fever

Home Remedies of Filariasis

Clove is a very effective home remedy for the treatment of filariasis. The enzymes present in cloves kill the parasite as soon as it grows. Patients can take tea prepared from cloves.

Drink three to four drops of black walnut oil in a glass of hot water. It can be taken twice a day. Due to the properties present in walnuts, the number of insects in the blood begins to decrease and is gradually completely eliminated. For quick results, take this remedy daily for at least six weeks.

Vitamin C is abundant in Amla. It also contains anthelmintic , which is very useful for fast wound healing. Daily consumption of amla protects against infection.

To treat filariasis, prepare a paste by grinding shankhpushpi roots with hot water. Apply this paste to the affected area. It helps reduce swelling

Ashwagandha is the main ingredient in Shilajit, which has many uses in Ayurveda. Ashwagandha is used to treat filariasis.

To get rid of filariasis, drink dry ginger powder or dry ginger daily with hot water. Its consumption destroys the parasites present in the body and helps the patient recover quickly.

Mix rock salt in shankhpushpi powder and dry ginger, a pinch with hot water twice a day.

Brahmi has been used to treat many diseases since ancient times. To treat filariasis, brahmi is ground and the paste is applied. It reduces the patient's swelling effectively.

To treat filariasis, include some foods such as garlic, pineapple, sweet potatoes, carrots, and apricots in your daily diet. They contain vitamin A and have special properties to kill bacteria.

• Clove-

• Black walnut oil-

• Amla-

   

• Shankhpushpi-

• Ashwagandha-

• Ginger-

• Rock salt-

• Brahmi-

• Vitamin A-

When to see a doctor?

It is recommended to see a physician for an accurate diagnosis of filariasis if you experience unusual swelling, inflammation and pain in the body.  If you are diagnosed with elephantiasis, your doctor will recommend a treatment plan for filariasis based on the severity of your condition.